Department of Neurosurgery for Children and Adults, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University and University Hospital Motol

Basic information

Dear patients, dear patients, dear parents, welcome to the website of the Children's and Adult Neurosurgery Clinic of Motol Medical Center and the 2nd Faculty of Medicine of Charles University.

Our clinic provides since 1978 surgical treatment of diseases of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves in children and adults. Both the pediatric and adult parts of the clinic provide comprehensive care covering the entire spectrum of treatment in the field of neurosurgery. The team of the clinic, in addition to the head, consists of 16 doctors and more than 30 sisterswho are still available to patients in inpatient departments, outpatient clinics or during emergency services.

The main motto of the clinic is patient-oriented care, using the most modern diagnostic and treatment methods and mini-invasive, gentle surgical approaches. The clinic also benefits from close interdisciplinary cooperation within the university complex of the University Hospital in Motol.

Our clinic's core programs include:

• Surgery of glial tumors and brain metastases - here we use advanced methods of perioperative navigation and monitoring of nerve functions, including conscious operations and perioperative fluorescence. Of course, there is close cooperation with the Department of Oncology and the Institute of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and long-term dispensary care of patients.
• Non-malignant tumor surgery - in particular meningiomas, cranial base tumors, ventricular system, spinal cord and its sheaths and tumors affecting the neurocranium.
• Vascular neurosurgery - surgical management of cavernous, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, revascularization operations.
• Epileptosurgery - in cooperation with the Department of Pediatric Neurology and the Department of Neurology, we provide comprehensive neurosurgical care in the diagnosis and treatment of the entire spectrum of epileptology.
• Hydrocephalus - endoscopic solutions or short-circuit operations.
• Spinal surgery - surgical treatment of degenerative diseases of the spine (disc herniations, basic spondylosurgery, mini-invasive spinal surgery).
• Peripheral nerve surgery - treatment of narrowing syndromes, treatment of injuries and tumors of peripheral nerves.
• Craniocerebral trauma, brain and skull bones - observation of the injured person not requiring surgical treatment; surgical procedures addressing injuries and its short- and long-term consequences.
• Craniostenosis - open or endoscopic complex solution and long-term monitoring of the whole spectrum of congenital malformations of the skull.
• Spinal dysraphisms - surgical solution of congenital imperfect neural tube closure; long-term care for patients up to adulthood.
• Treatment of spasticity - especially implantation of baclofen pump.

Performing demanding neurosurgical procedures is not possible without quality equipment; our clinic has the most modern technology: operating microscopes, exoscope, endoscope, navigation, neuromonitoring, ultrasonic tumor tissue aspirator, X-ray amplifiers…

We perform almost 1500 performances a year 2 operating theaters. Postoperative care is provided in intensive care units in both children's (6 beds) and adult (6 beds).

Children's department The clinic is the largest of its kind not only in the Czech Republic, but also one of the largest in Europe. There are 12 standard beds and 6 ICU beds. The presence of parents of younger children throughout the hospitalization is a matter of course. Department for adults has 18 beds, of which 6 are postoperative (ICU), and one above-standard bed.

Another important task of the clinic is research in the field of neurosurgically treated diseases, development of new treatment methods, teaching students and doctors in postgraduate education. There are 4 associate professors at the clinic, supervisors in the field of postgraduate studies, both dissertations and diploma theses are conducted here.

In our specialized clinics, you can find answers to your questions and problems from specialist doctors. The quality of our work is constantly monitored. Standards and indicators of care provided are repeatedly monitored by the accreditation process and their fulfillment is evaluated.

Staying in a hospital is not a pleasant time for an adult, let alone a child. Nevertheless, the entire team of the Neurosurgical Clinic will do their best to make you feel as good and safe as possible during your stay at our clinic.

Head of the clinic: Doc. MUDr. Vladimír Beneš Ph.D.

Secretariat tel. 224 432 501

Clinic management and staff

Clinic management

	Doc. MUDr. Vladimir Benes, Ph.D. head of the clinic	22443 2501	vladimir.benes@fnmotol.cz
	prof. MD RNDr. Ondřej Bradáč, Ph.D. deputy principal	22443 2504	ondrej.bradac2@fnmotol.cz
	BSc.Tereza Drbohlavová head nurse	22443 2505	tereza.drbohlavova2@fnmotol.cz

Secretariat part for children

Secretariat part for adults

Doctors

Doctors specialists

	MUDr. Martin Blaha, Ph.D.	22443 2555	martin.blaha@fnmotol.cz
	MD Miloslav Holub	22443 2603	miloslav.holub@fnmotol.cz
	MD Ondřej Chudomel	22443 2532	ondrej.chudomel@fnmotol.cz
	MD Róbert Leško, Ph.D.	22443 2511	robert.lesko@fnmotol.cz
	Doc. MD Petr Libý, Ph.D.	22443 2553	petr.liby@fnmotol.cz
	MD Jiří Steindler	22443 2525	jiri.steindler@fnmotol.cz
	Doc. MD Michal Tichý, CSc.	22443 2553	michal.tichy@fnmotol.cz
	MD Miroslav Vaculík	22443 2550	miroslav.vaculik@fnmotol.cz
	MD Aleš Vlasák, Ph.D.	22443 2555	ales.vlasak@fnmotol.cz

Doctors in training

	MD Jana Táborská	22443 2558	jana.blazkova4@fnmotol.cz
	MUDr. Vaclav Dlouhy	22443 2525	vaclav.dlouhy@fnmotol.cz
	MD Petr Skalický, Ph.D.	22443 2558	petr.skalicky@fnmotol.cz
	MD Jakub Táborský	22443 2558	jakub.taborsky@fnmotol.cz
	MD Dmitry Tukmachev, Ph.D.	22443 2511	dmitry.tukmachev@fnmotol.cz

Sisters

Head nurse	Bc. Tereza Drbohlavová	22443 2505	tereza.drbohlavova2@fnmotol.cz
Station nurse - children's section	Daniela Zachova	22443 2506	daniela.zachova@fnmotol.cz
Station nurse - adult part	Lenka Hůšová	22443 2507	lenka.husova@fnmotol.cz
District nurse - children's section	Peter Janků	22443 2523	petra.janku@fnmotol.cz
District nurse - adult part	Martina Vamberská	22443 2564	martina.vamberska@fnmotol.cz
District nurse - adult part	Katerina Slivková	22443 2564	katerina.slivkova@fnmotol.cz

Professional ambulances

To order to the ambulance doc. MUDr. Vladimír Beneš, Ph.D. call 2 2443 2501.

Children's part:

Polyclinic, 3rd floor

Outpatient doctors

MD Jakub Táborský
MD Miloslav Holub
 MD Miroslav Vaculík
Doc. MD Petr Libý, Ph.D.
MD Jana Táborská

Orders to the ambulance can be made by phone on Monday - Friday 9,00:14,00 - 22443:2523 on tel. 22443 2501 or XNUMX XNUMX.

Adult part:

Blue Building, 3rd floor, node A, (entrance Eye Complement)

Monday - Friday from 9,00 - 14,00 (after 14,00 only for acute patients on the 1st floor, node C)

Outpatient doctors

MUDr. Martin Blaha, Ph.D.
MUDr. Vaclav Dlouhy
MD Róbert Leško, Ph.D.
MD Petr Skalický, Ph.D.
MD Jiří Steindler
MD Jakub Táborský
MD Dmitry Tukmachev, Ph.D.
MD Aleš Vlasák, Ph.D.

Monday scheduled procedures in the procedure outpatient room (ground floor B – C)

Order to the ambulance by phone Monday - Friday from 7.30:10.00 - 13.00:14.00 a.m. and XNUMX - XNUMX on phone number 22443 2564 or 22443 2501, or by email at nchfnm@fnmotol.cz, with a telephone number.

Department for children

The children's part of the Neurosurgical Clinic is located in the children's monoblock, lower ground floor, node C (SP C). The capacity of standard beds is 14 and ICU beds 6.

Standard rooms are a maximum of 3 beds, with bathroom and barrier-free design. ICU rooms are 2-bed with the possibility of watching TV and DVD. A playroom (with TV and DVD) is available for children to use their free time, members of the Hospital Volunteer Center visit children, clown visits take place here; play musical instruments and sing walks Puppets in the hospital. If the child is able, the teacher comes to the schoolchildren and the companion takes care of the extracurricular activities.

Children can use their own laundry in the hospital and bring their favorite toy from home. Mobile phones, laptops and other electronic devices are only permitted at your own risk.

A refrigerator, a kitchenette with an electric kettle and a microwave are available to patients on the ward.

Department visits are daily from 8:00 to 20:00 (in the ICU only 2 people at the bed).

Escort

Accompaniment of children up to 6 years and ZTP, ZTTP - if the current capacity of the beds allows, it is possible to accommodate the department na sofa bed with the right to food (breastfeeding mothers have priority), the stay is covered by the insurance company.

In children in older than 6 years, in which the presence of a parent is necessary, the doctor sends a request for an escort to the department for assessment by the review doctor. If the reviewing doctor approves the escort's stay, the escort is accommodated in the ward with the right to food (breastfeeding mothers and escorts of children under 6 have priority). With the capacity of escorts occupied, the parents of the oldest children will be sent to the hostel for the necessary time per night - the right to food remains.

Children after operations lying in the ICU or ARO. When a child goes to the ICU, the escort remains entitled to a bed on the ward (at It is not possible to let escorts sleep in the ICU) with the possibility of being in the ICU indefinitely. When he goes child on ARO, escorts are released and in case of interest it is possible to arrange a hostel. After returning to our department, escorts are accepted again.

Hostel

Parents of children over the age of 6, whose stay is not covered by health insurance, and the need for their presence is not approved by the medical examiner, can use the paid services of the Motol Hospital during their child's stay in the hospital. There is also the possibility of hotel accommodation - Motol Accommodation.

Admission of children to the ward

Please arrive at the department reception by 9:30 hours.

Admission to the operation

In order for the operation to be performed on time, your child needs to come to a completely healthy reception, without signs of an acute infectious disease (eg fever, runny nose, cough, diarrhea, rash). Menstruation is also an obstacle to performing the operation (or it is possible to adjust the cycle with suitable medication in agreement with a gynecologist)!

In case of the above complications, please contact our clinic to change the date.

Forms: Preoperative examination + Entry questionnaire

Bring:

• Complete pre-operative examination, performed by a pediatrician.
  • Anamnesis, medication, physical examination
  • Blood count + differential, urine + sediment
  • Basic serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine, CB, CRP, ionogram, liver tests)
  • Coagulation examination (APTT, Quick, INR)
  • Laboratory results must not be older than 14 days!
• Comments on the child's ability to undergo surgery in CA (not older than 7 days).
• Event. results of other examinations or medical reports in children treated for other more serious diseases, or performed MR, CT or X-ray examinations.
• Identity cards (OP, passport), event. power of attorney, proof of the child's health insurance, health and vaccination card of the child, results of the examination requested by the attending physician (eg ECG, CT, MR, X-rays).
• List of medicines that your child takes regularly, diabetes card, cardiac card...
• Personal items (personal underwear, pajamas, home shoes, toiletries, towel, etc., one, max. Two favorite baby toys - clean).
• School supplies.
• Casual clothes, walking clothes.

Admission to CT or MRI under general anesthesia (CA)) 

In order for the examination to be carried out on schedule, your child needs to be admitted completely healthy, without signs of an acute infectious disease (eg fever, runny nose, cough, diarrhea, rash). In case of the above complications, please contact our clinic to change the date.

Bring:

• Pediatrician's statement on the child's ability to undergo examination in CA (not older than 7 days).
• Identity cards (OP, passport), rent. power of attorney, proof of the child's health insurance, health and vaccination card of the child, results of the examination requested by the attending physician (eg ECG, CT, MR, X-rays).
• List of medicines your child takes regularly, diabetic card, cardiac card,…
• Personal items (personal underwear, pajamas, home shoes, toiletries, towel, etc., one, max. Two favorite baby toys - clean).
• School supplies.
• Casual clothes, walking clothes.

Catering

Infant food is prepared under sterile conditions by dairy cuisine (which also guarantees the safety of a balanced diet), we have fruit snacks, vegetable and meat-vegetable dishes. Parents can bring their own food, but only in the original packaging from the manufacturer. If the parents want to prepare their own baby food, they sign a form for the nurses that they do so at their own risk and responsibility, and that the ward, or the Dairy Kitchen, is not responsible for any of the child's health problems.

If the child does not have dietary restrictions, he can choose from a menu of two types of food (the choice of food does not apply to patients on the day of admission). If visitors bring food prepared outside the patient's canteen (fast food and fast food stalls) to children, they are also at their own risk and responsibility, and the department is not responsible for any health problems.

the child's dietary restrictions will inform the staff.

Parking

Parents of hospitalized children:

Parking of vehicles of legal representatives (escorts) of hospitalized children is possible in the covered parking lot and inside the premises of the Motol University Hospital, anywhere in places that are intended for parking vehicles of visitors and patients.

The free parking application form will be issued and filled in by the attending physician for the legal representative.

At each departure from the hospital premises, the legal representative hands over the entrance card to the fee collector and proves himself / herself with a valid completed form. Based on this, he will not be charged a fee for entering the Motol University Hospital.

Department for adults

The inpatient ward for adult patients is located on the 1st floor of sector C of the blue monoblock of the Motol University Hospital (adult part of the hospital).

The ward is divided into a standard inpatient station with 18 beds and an intensive care unit (ICU) with 6 beds.

The individual rooms of the standard bed station are designed for a maximum of 3 patients, and are structurally designed so that every two adjoining rooms have 2 washbasins, a toilet and a shower in the connecting corridor. A color TV is available in each room.

The department has one superior room (price 1 CZK/day).

ICU beds are under the constant supervision of nurses and are monitored by a camera system.

We recommend visits to the ward and ICU in the afternoon or by appointment with the attending physician.

Admission to the department

Arrive at the department by 9:30 to be accepted.

Admission to the operation

In order for the operation to be performed on schedule, you should not show signs of acute infectious disease (eg fever, runny nose, cough, diarrhea, rash ...). In case of the above complications, please contact our clinic to change the date.

Bring:

• Complete preoperative examination. Performed by a district doctor in cooperation with an internist and an event. other specialists (details to download here):
  • Anamnesis, medication, physical examination
  • Blood count + differential, urine + sediment
  • Basic serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine, CB, CRP, ionogram, liver tests)
  • Coagulation examination (APTT, Quick, INR)
  • ECG and its description
  • X-ray of the heart - lungs and its description
  • Laboratory results must not be older than 14 days!
• Comments on the ability to undergo surgery in the CA (not older than 7 days).
• Event. results of other examinations or medical reports of other specialists (diabetic, cardiologist…)
• Identity cards (OP, passport), event. power of attorney, proof of health insurance.
• List of medicines you take regularly, diabetic card, cardiac card, ...
• Personal items (personal underwear, pajamas, home shoes, toiletries, towel, etc.).

Forms:
Preoperative examination
Recommendation for hospitalization
Administrative questionnaire

Operating rooms

The Department of Neurosurgery has two operating rooms that are equipped with modern technology enabling even the most demanding procedures: operating microscopes, exoscope, endoscope, navigation, ultrasound tumor tissue aspirator, neuromonitoring, X-ray amplifiers. neuroanesthesia.

Clinic program

• Surgery of glial tumors and brain metastases - here we use advanced methods of perioperative navigation and monitoring of nerve functions, including conscious operations and perioperative fluorescence. Of course, there is close cooperation with the Department of Oncology and the Institute of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and long-term dispensary care of patients.
• Non-malignant tumor surgery - in particular meningiomas, cranial base tumors, ventricular system, spinal cord and its sheaths and tumors affecting the neurocranium.
• Vascular neurosurgery - surgical management of cavernous, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, revascularization operations.
• Epileptosurgery - in cooperation with the Department of Pediatric Neurology and the Department of Neurology, we provide comprehensive neurosurgical care in the diagnosis and treatment of the entire spectrum of epileptology
• Hydrocephalus - endoscopic solutions or short-circuit operations
• Spinal surgery - surgical treatment of degenerative diseases of the spine (disc herniations, basic spondylosurgery, mini-invasive spinal surgery).
• Peripheral nerve surgery - treatment of narrowing syndromes, treatment of injuries and tumors of peripheral nerves.
• Craniocerebral trauma, brain and skull bones - observation of the injured person not requiring surgical treatment; surgical procedures addressing injuries and its short- and long-term consequences
• Craniostenosis - open or endoscopic complex solution and long-term monitoring of the entire spectrum of congenital malformations of the skull
• Spinal dysraphisms - surgical solution of congenital imperfect neural tube closure; long-term care for patients up to adulthood
• Treatment of spasticity - especially implantation of baclofen pump

Surgery of glial tumors and brain metastases

Non-malignant tumor surgery

Vascular neurosurgery

Vascular neurosurgery (also cerebrovascular) is a specialized area of ​​the field dealing with the diagnosis and complex treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. These lesions are benign, ie after resolving them, the patient is cured and only monitored for a long time. This issue cannot be done without close interdisciplinary cooperation, especially with radiologists (both in the field of diagnostics and in the treatment itself), neurologists, but also with radiosurgeons (Lexell's gamma knife). When dealing with all vascular diseases, we must always carefully weigh the natural course of the disease (ie what is the risk for the patient resulting from the diagnosis at a given moment and for the rest of life) and contrast the risk of our proposed therapy. We assess each patient across disciplines and the resulting treatment plan is therefore individually tailored to the risks mentioned. The understandable goal is their minimization and maximum effort to solve the disease. Vascular neurosurgery mainly addresses the following diseases.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAK) is a serious condition in which there is bleeding into the wet spaces at the base of the brain. The most common cause is the so-called cerebral aneurysm. Under this name lies the acquired disease of the vascular wall of the cerebral artery, which can be imagined as its blind spot. It is most often found on the arteries running just below the base of the brain. It threatens its wearer mainly by rupture, when a stream of blood spills along the brain or literally crushes the adjacent brain tissue. Patients perceive this bleeding as a sudden, acute, as yet unknown, headache, and is often accompanied by loss of consciousness or impaired mobility. Transport to the hospital is usually followed by CT scans and CT angiographs, which show the condition of the brain after the event and its cause. Unfortunately, the consequences of bleeding are in many cases severe and permanent. The treatment following such an event aims to eliminate the bleeding bulge from the circulation, thus preventing repeated bleeding (it has an even worse prognosis) and to enable the use of modern intensive care. Thus, the second part of treatment only begins with the elimination of the aneurysm from the circulation. The patient is endangered for about 2 weeks by the development of so-called vasospasm (contraction of the cerebral arteries), which can eventually lead to the development of cerebral ischemia. Intensive therapy focuses on preventing the development of this condition. Another accompanying phenomenon of SAK may be development hydrocephalus, which often requires a short-circuit operation. In addition to these two most feared conditions, you can also encounter a number of internal or neurological complications (eg epilepsy).

Thus, the preventive treatment, which prevents the rupture from rupturing itself, is attractive. With the expansion of diagnostic options (CT and MRI) to the level of district hospitals, in recent years we have encountered an accidental finding of an aneurysm; as a side effect of an examination performed for unrelated difficulties (eg minor injury, common headache or dizziness). In these cases, we must very carefully consider the risks of rupture of the bulge; The main risk factors include size, location or high blood pressure. In contrast to the risk of rupture, there are complications of possible performance, taking into account not only the aneurysm, but also the overall condition of the patient.

The aneurysm closure itself can be achieved in two ways: surgical - by loading the clamp through the inlet to the bulge; and endovascularly - the radiologist uses special thin tubes to penetrate the arterial flow directly into the bulge and fills it with special spirals. The decision as to which solution is appropriate for a particular bulge and patient will result from an interdisciplinary discussion that takes into account not only the factors mentioned above. After the aneurysm is removed from the circulation, the patient is monitored for a long time using CT or MR angiography - the aim is to detect a possible recurrence in the original area or a newly formed bulge in another place in the cerebral circulation.

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a network of pathological dilated vessels in which blood flows directly from the arterial part of the flow to the vein, so the normally present capillary flow is missing. The blood vessels are therefore exposed to high blood flow and pressure and are at risk of rupturing with subsequent cerebral hemorrhage. In addition, AVM may present with an epileptic seizure or stroke-like symptoms; AVM "robs" the adjacent brain tissue of blood and oxygen, which can cause both symptoms of ischemia and epileptic seizures. AVM can also be accidentally detected during an examination for unrelated problems.

Treatment options are:

• Conservative treatment - only observations and regimens (control of high blood pressure, no smoking), indicated in asymptomatic patients (or if the patient does not want a solution) or, conversely, in intractable or high-risk AVM
• Surgical removal - widely used in small and easily accessible AVM; the surgeon separates the entire AVM from the surrounding brain tissue, gradually eliminating the supply arteries and, after their treatment, the drainage veins

• Endovascular treatment - the radiologist fills either the entire AVM or only part of it with a special glue and thus prevents further blood flow; rarely effective as a stand-alone treatment, it is usually used in combination with surgery, when hard-to-access arteries are treated
• Gamma knife treatment - targeted AVM irradiation, which leads to its obliteration over the next 3 years or so
• A combination of the above

Unlike AVM, where blood flows under high pressure, cavernomas are low-flow vascular lesions. They can also be imagined as continuous cavities (similar to raspberries) filled with blood. The weakened blood vessel wall of these balls can rupture and cause cerebral hemorrhage. Another manifestation is an epileptic seizure. The treatment is currently only surgical, using modern methods: navigation, which will allow targeted access; perioperative monitoring alerts the surgeon to the presence of important centers and nerve pathways.

Acute, wheezing and paroxysmal pain, often caused by a certain trigger mechanism, is called neuralgia. It most commonly occurs in the facial area and is typically localized to the innervation area of ​​the trigeminal nerve. One of its causes may be the so-called neurovascular conflict. It is an irritation of the trigeminal nerve after exiting the brainstem around an ongoing vessel (usually one of the cerebral arteries). If drug treatment is not effective (or is not tolerated by the patient), a surgical solution is in place. During the small approach operation, the surgeon gently moves the blood vessel crossing the cruciate nerve, inserts a piece of Teflon between them and fixes everything in a new position with tissue glue. The operation is performed under general anesthesia, monitoring the functions of the cranial nerves, especially the facial nerves. A high percentage (approximately 80%) of patients report pain relief.

The branching of the carotid artery is an area where so-called atherosclerotic plaques often form, which narrow the lumen of the artery and change the nature of the blood flow, which can lead to the formation of blood clots. When they are released and embolized into the cerebral arteries, they close, causing a stroke. Early diagnosis of stroke and immediate transport to a specialized center allows rapid deployment of treatment, which in many cases dissolves the occlusion in the cerebral circulation. Subsequently, the "dilution" of the blood is continued; we try to prevent the recurrence of the incident. However, if the narrowing of the carotid artery reaches a certain degree (60%), treatment is necessary to eliminate the cause of the stroke. If the narrowing is detected accidentally (eg by listening to a district doctor for a preventive examination), treatment is indicated for stenosis of more than 80%.

There are two types of treatment available today:

• Endovascular - the radiologist with the help of special catheters penetrates the arterial bed into the place of narrowing, then it "expands" and the lumen of the artery is renewed by a special tube, the so-called stent
• Surgical - branching of the artery is dissected at the neck, then all arteries are closed with clamps and after incision the atheroplate is removed. The vessel is then sutured, the clamps removed and flow restored. The operation is performed either under general anesthesia with monitoring of brain functions, or under local anesthesia; brain functions are monitored directly by communicating with the patient and monitoring limb motility. 

Both techniques have their advantages and disadvantages, in general we can say that we prefer a surgical solution for younger patients with calcified plaque, on the contrary, the endovascular approach is more advantageous for internally at-risk patients with soft plaque or anatomically difficult to access carotid bifurcation.

If the narrowing of the carotid artery continues, it may close completely. The moment of closure itself may not manifest itself at all, but it usually takes place under the image of a more or less serious stroke. If the blood vessel is not soon recanalized, the occlusion becomes chronic and the brain is further supplied with blood by other arteries. Insufficient blood supply in a closed artery basin sometimes manifests as a minor, but recurrent, stroke; Alternatively, this deficiency can be detected by a specialized SPECT or PET examination. In this case, it is then appropriate to support the blood supply to the affected area of ​​the brain. The so-called extra-intracranial anastomosis offers an elegant solution: the surgeon dissects the artery supplying the scalp and from a small craniotomy sutures it to the artery running on the surface of the brain.

In childhood, the most common of vascular pathologies are the so-called pial arteriovenous malformations (pAVM), ie the direct connection of arteries to veins via the so-called nidus of pathological vessels. The risk of these malformations is their rupture. We operate suitable types of pAVM using a microsurgical approach. Some types of pAVM need to be treated with an endovascular approach or irradiated with a gamma knife. We have all these options at our disposal.

In the area of ​​rare vascular malformations such as Galen vein malformations and dural canal malformations, endovascular treatment is the method of choice, and in these malformations a modern approach is needed to address associated complications such as hydrocephalus, cardiac and neurological issues. Patients with this finding directly require a comprehensive solution using the facilities of the children's section of the hospital.

Epileptosurgery

Epileptosurgery is a set of surgical procedures that aim to eliminate or affect the function of one or more areas of the brain that are responsible for seizures.

Who is epileptosurgery for?

Epileptosurgery is performed on pediatric and adult patients in whom control of epileptic seizures is not achieved with conservative treatment. The primary treatment of epilepsy is regimen measures and anti-seizure drugs - antiepileptics. In case of their failure, ie after the determination of the so-called drug resistance (failure to achieve seizure control after the use of 2 antiepileptics), or in case of inadequate neuropsychological development in children, the patient undergoes a battery of preoperative examinations. Based on their results, we can then determine, on the one hand, whether it is possible to perform the operation and whether such an operation is safe for the patient.

Where and who performs epileptosurgery

We implement the entire diagnostic and therapeutic process of pediatric and adult drug-resistant patients within the epileptosurgery program Motol Epilepsy Centers, based on the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team Prague Epileptosurgery Groups (DOG). In addition to neurosurgeons, it includes mainly neurologists, neuropsychologists, neuroradiologists and neuropathologists.

Objectives of epileptosurgery

The goal of the whole process is to cure epilepsy or significantly reduce the severity and frequency of seizures. Further improve neuropsychological development in children and the quality of life of patients. Drug-resistant epilepsy brings with it a number of health risks and social limitations, not only for the patient, but also for his family. For example, risks of injury, delays in neuropsychological development, depression, memory disorders, risks related to pregnancy and pregnancy or restrictions such as driving bans, etc.

Who should be sent to a comprehensive epileptosurgery center

According to the recommendations of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), every patient with drug-resistant (drug-uncontrollable) epilepsy should be sent to the comprehensive Center for Epilepsy. Our Center for Epilepsy Motol has advanced neuroimaging and electrophysiological methods that enable successful treatment of epilepsy even in patients with severe epilepsy.

Who is a candidate for epileptosurgery and what can be expected

About a quarter of patients with epilepsy are drug-resistant patients, but only a part (approximately 25%) of them are candidates for procedures that can be expected to have postoperative seizures with possible discontinuation of anti-seizure drugs. It is very difficult to determine who is a suitable candidate for which procedure. No human being or patient is the same as anyone else. At our Center for Epilepsy, we perform procedures that are so-called "tailor-made" for each patient. Therefore, patients undergo a number of preoperative examinations, the aim of which is to reveal the location of seizures and its relationship to other areas of the brain, which will allow us to minimize the risk of postoperative neurological deficit. These methods can be divided into individual protocols: 1) basic, 2) advanced, 3) invasive and 4) perioperative. Some examinations can be performed on an outpatient basis, but some require a hospital stay.

INVESTIGATION PROTOCOLS

1) Basic investigation protocol

The following procedures are standard tests used to identify the source of epileptic activity:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG) is an examination that senses the electrical activity produced by the brain and is the basic examination in patients with epilepsy.

• Video EEG monitoring is a long - term EEG with video recording. The exact timing of the onset and nature of the seizure with changes in the EEG are very important in determining the location of the seizures.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a basic examination that aims to identify the pathological lesion (developmental disorders, tumor, vascular anomalies, etc.) that is responsible for seizures. There are focal sites that even MRI is not able to display at present, but in our Motol Epilepsy Center we can also detect and operate on such foci.

• Neuropsychological tests represent a set of techniques for measuring skills and memory. It is used to determine how epilepsy changes the functions of different parts of the brain.

2) Extended investigation protocol

If the results of the standard tests are not unambiguous, we use the following methods:

• Positron emission tomography (PET) is a specialized imaging test that senses the metabolic activity of the brain. It is able to show the part of the brain that is disrupted by the epileptic lesion.
• Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is a specialized imaging examination measuring the uptake of a substance applied to a patient's vein immediately after the onset of an attack. Even this examination is able to show the part of the brain that is disturbed by the epileptic lesion.

To illuminate the relationship of the epileptic lesion to other brain functions (such as centers and pathways for momentum, speech, sensory functions, etc.) we use:

• Functional MRI (fMRI) and brain imaging (DTI) they allow us to identify and locate brain centers and pathways while performing various simple tasks (limb movement, reading, listening) when performing MRI.
• Wada test is used to test the patient 's speech and memory functions during andcerebrovascular diagnostics (imaging of blood vessels by inserting a tube through the artery in the groin into the carotid artery and injecting a contrast agent). During the examination, a short-acting substance is applied, which temporarily "sleeps" a part of the brain, while the neuropsychologist also tests speech and memory functions. For example, the test also confirms right-handedness or left-handedness, which is important information in which hemisphere the speech functions are located.

3) Invasive investigation protocol

In certain cases, in order to accurately determine the location of epilepsy and its relationship to brain function, the patient is indicated for invasive examination by intracranial EEG:

• Introduction of intracranial deep electrodes and S-EEG. These electrodes are implanted during surgery in the neurosurgical room under general anesthesia using a stereotactic frame, which allows us high insertion accuracy. In this way, deep electrodes are introduced through the individual bores, the number of which is about 10 to 20. After waking up, the patient is subsequently recorded long-term (about 4-10 days) EEG activity and the nature of seizures using S-EEG (Stereo-EEG is similar to Video EEG monitoring ). We can electrically test brain functions through the inserted electrodes. If the location of the epilepsy can be located, it is possible to perform an operation through the introduced electrodes using the so-called RFTA (Radio Frequency Thermal Ablation, see below).
• Introduction of intracranial surface electrodes is similar to deep electrode testing. The difference is that it is not made through individual bores, but the contacts are placed directly on the surface of the brain during the classic surgical opening of the skull. Monitoring is followed by the operation itself with the removal of the epileptic lesion.

4) Intraoperative protocol

The following methods are used to specify the location of the epileptic lesion as well as functionally important brain areas during the procedure itself:

• Neuronavigation - the operating plan (range of operating power, display of some functional structures) is drawn in magnetic resonance images and is entered into the neuronavigation device. During the operation, the neuronavigation device allows you to use a special "pointer" to directly display in this navigation plan any place in the brain to which the surgeon points.
• Electrocorticography (ECoG) is an EEG method that allows you to measure epileptic activity during surgery, verify and possibly change the range of performance itself.
• Intraoperative monitoring of brain functions is a set of methods that allow us to locate and monitor brain centers and pathways during surgery in an effort to minimize postoperative neurological deficit.
• Awake craniotomy is the only way we can monitor speech functions perioperatively. During the operation, the patient is awakened painlessly and his speech functions are tested in order to accurately locate and protect them during the operation. Subsequently, the performance continues as standard with re-sleep.

TYPES OF EPILEPTOCHURGICAL PERFORMANCE

The type of surgery depends largely on the location of the lesion from which the seizures originate and the patient's age. As highlighted above, at our Epilepsy Center, we perform procedures that are so-called "tailor-made" for each patient. Modifications of the following main types of operations currently dominate:

• Epileptosurgical resection is the most common epileptosurgical procedure, the aim of which is to remove the part of the brain tissue that is responsible for seizures. It can be an anomaly occurring during the development of brain tissue, tumor, vascular malformations, etc. The aim of the procedure is to rid the patient of seizures and eventually to stop anti-seizure drugs.
• Functional hemisferectomy is an exercise performed on young children. Its goal is to break the connection of the hemisphere causing seizures with other parts of the nervous system. The goal is to achieve seizure-free and improve neuropsychological development.

• Vag stimulator (VNS) is a surgical procedure in which an electrode to the vagus nerve (n. vagus) in the neck area and a pulse generator to the subcutaneous tissue in the chest area are permanently surgically inserted into the patient. The impulses aim to disrupt the abnormal brain activity that causes seizures by reducing their frequency and severity.

• Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a procedure in which an electrode is permanently inserted into a patient's brain and a pulse generator is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue in the chest area. The impulses aim to disrupt the abnormal brain activity that causes seizures by reducing their frequency and severity.

• Radio frequency thermal ablation (RFTA) is a less invasive surgical procedure in which a lesion of epilepsy is treated from already established deep brain electrodes and with the help of radio frequency current (usually only a part of the lesion can be affected in this way). It is a diagnostic procedure that can in some cases even treat and significantly affect seizures. This method was introduced at the Motol Epilepsy Center in 2017. By 2020, about 30 of these procedures had been performed. In the Czech Republic, our center has the most experience with this type of performance.

RESULTS OF EPILEPTO SURGERY OPERATIONS

The results of operations vary depending on the type of performance. In operations whose primary goal is the complete removal of the epilepsy (resection epileptosurgery), postoperative seizure disorder occurs in 70-80% of patients. If the patient is seizure-free for at least a year, gradual discontinuation of anti-seizure drugs may be initiated. However, this process is individual, depending on many factors. For operations in which a reduction in the frequency and severity of seizures (VNS, DBS) can be expected, a significant therapeutic effect is achieved with a reduction of 50 percent or more.

RISKS OF EPILEPTO SURGERY

Each area of ​​the brain has a specific function. Therefore, the risks vary depending on the site of surgery and the type of surgery. Through a complex diagnostic process and a targeted strategy of the performance itself, we try to minimize the risk of any neurological deficit.

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a term used to describe the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles. Excess fluid puts pressure on the brain tissue, and thus damage the brain with permanent consequences.

Function

Cerebrospinal fluid originates in the cerebral ventricles, flows through the wetland into the spinal canal and to the surface of the brain (the so-called subarachnoid space), where it is absorbed into the venous bed. The ventricles contain different amounts of fluid depending on age. The total amount is changed approximately 3 times a day.

Causes of hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus can be caused by one or more causes. It is traditionally divided into two types:

• Communicating hydrocephalus - caused by excessive production or reduced absorption of fluid, eg after bleeding, inflammation, vascular malformations…
• Obstructive hydrocephalus - caused by blockage of fluid flow, eg tumor, blood clot, cyst…

Normotensive hydrocephalus is a special unit. It occurs in older adults.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary with age.

• In infants the symptoms may be inconspicuous: excessive growth of the head circumference (measurement of the head circumference is performed during regular examinations at the pediatrician), delay in psychomotor development, failure to thrive.
• For toddlers and school children In addition to the above, nausea and vomiting, headaches, excessive sleepiness.
• In adolescents and adults headaches, vomiting, blurred vision, double vision, gait and coordination disorders, impaired concentration, urinary and fecal incontinence dominate. A special unit of adults is the so-called normotensive hydrocephalus, characterized by a classic triad of symptoms: memory impairment, gait and incontinence.

Diagnostika

The diagnostic goal is to image the ventricular system by CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound can be used in infants.

Additional examination: eye examination to detect possible congestion; for normotensive hydrocephalus, the so-called LIT - lumbar infusion test is performed, which predicts the success of short-circuit surgery

Therapy

Hydrocephalus treatment is surgical only. There are basically two possible operations - ventriculostomy III. ventricles and the introduction of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

• Ventriculostomy III. chambers is the artificial creation of communication between the ventricles and the surface of the brain. In principle, cerebrospinal fluid flows through artificially created communication and is immediately absorbed into the venous system. This operation is suitable only in selected cases where we need to "bypass" an obstacle in wet roads.

• Ventriculoperitoneal short circuit is an implant consisting of silicone tubing and a valve. The tube is surgically inserted into the cerebral ventricle. The second part of the system drains fluid through the subcutaneous tissue into the abdominal cavity. The valve is located behind the ear and regulates the permeability of the fluid. At present, the vast majority of so-called programmable shorts are being introduced, which can be readjusted with a magnet over the skin according to the patient's needs. Exceptionally, a short circuit cannot be inserted into the abdominal cavity. In this case, a short circuit can be introduced into the venous system, specifically into the upper vena cava, then it is a ventriculoatrial short circuit. Occasionally, a lumboperitoneal short circuit can also be introduced. It is a connection of the spinal canal with the abdominal cavity.

Spinal surgery

Spinal surgery deals with the surgical treatment of diseases of the spine and nerve structures associated with the spine. These are mainly degenerative spinal disorders, but also cancers, injuries and infections.

Difficulty with degenerative spinal disorders is one of the most common diseases dealt with by GPs and one of the most common causes of incapacity for work in working-age patients. These problems usually respond well to conservative treatment - analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy and physiotherapy - rehabilitation.  

Backbone surgery is the method of choice if conservative pain treatment does not bring a significant effect or the patient's problems worsen, or there is already a disorder of sensitivity or movement of the limbs. These symptoms can be caused by the oppression of nerve structures. This occurs in degenerative diseases of the spine for various reasons, especially:

• Prolapse of the intervertebral disc (disc hernia) - it is created by pushing the middle jelly-like part of the disc through a crack in the fibrous ring and its subsequent pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerve in the spinal canal, with a negative effect on nerve functions.
• By reducing bone structures and ligaments  - osteochondrosis, where bone growths and swollen ligaments narrow the spinal canal (so-called spinal stenosis) or spinal nerve outlets (so-called foraminostenosis). There can also be a pathological shift of the vertebrae relative to each other (so-called spondylolisthesis) - these changes also lead to the oppression of nerve structures.
• Spinal instability and pathological vertebral displacement - it is a mutual pathological shift of the vertebrae relative to each other (so-called spondylolisthesis) - these changes also lead to the oppression of nerve structures, which can increase under load but also at rest.

Why does spinal degeneration occur?

Degenerative spinal cord injury is the result of the gradual wear and tear of the spine like any other organ associated with aging. Bone structures and ligaments thicken with age, the vertebrae move relative to each other, and the discs become less flexible over time and are more susceptible to damage even with relatively little physical activity. Lifting a heavier load or slipping can be a direct cause of prolapse in the terrain of a degenerative plate. Factors influencing degeneration are in particular: overweight, physically demanding work, hereditary predisposition and smoking.

Degenerative spinal disorders mainly affect the two most congested sections of the spine:

• Lower cervical spine  
• Lower lumbar spine and its transition to the sacral region

How does degenerative spinal disease affect?

The symptoms depend on where the degenerative process is located and whether it puts pressure on the nerve structures. Back pain is very common with different ways of promoting pain in the upper or lower limbs. More often, the problem manifests itself more intensely on one side than symmetrically in both limbs.

• Pain in the affected part of the spine
• Upper or lower limb pain - the disease in the lumbar spine is manifested by pain in the buttocks, thighs, calves or feet. An injury in the cervical spine usually results in pain in the shoulder or arm. This pain is exacerbated by coughing, sneezing or changing position.
• Numbness or tingling - in addition to pain, people often have numbness or tingling in the upper or lower limbs.
• Muscle weakness - muscles that are innervated by the affected nerves tend to weaken. This can cause falls or limitation of limb function and in the long run can lead to muscle atrophy and subsequent irreversible damage to the mobility of the limb.
• Walking disorders and balance problems
• Kaudy syndrome - with a large prolapse of the disc in the lumbar region, all nerve roots in the spinal canal are oppressed with paralysis of the lower limbs, inability to urinate and insensitivity of the intimate parts. Attention! This condition requires urgent operation!

How is degenerative spinal disease examined?

A set of the following tests is used to determine the correct diagnosis:

• Clinical examination - Muscular strength, sensitivity, reflexes and gait are specifically examined. The anamnesis of how long the problem lasts, whether it depends on physical activity, different types of pain relief positions, etc. is also important.
• Imaging examination:
• X-ray examination with functional images (forward, tilt) shows the position of the spine, vertebral displacement and instability. It can also reveal other causes of problems, such as infections, tumors or vertebral fractures. Even the so-called ordinary X-ray is important and necessary for making a diagnosis!

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Today, it is an ideal test to determine the type of spinal disease. It shows protruding discs, narrowing of the spinal canal and which nerves are affected. It is not exposed to radiation. Today (with a few exceptions) standard preoperative examination.

• Computed tomography (CT) is a benefit in the assessment of bone changes and thus the processes that most affect bone structures - fractures and tumors. It is faster available and can be used by the vast majority of patients.

• X-ray and CT myelogram is only used if the patient cannot undergo an MRI scan. A contrast agent is applied to the spinal canal, and subsequent pathology can be better detected by subsequent imaging. Today, it is basically fully replaced by MRI.
• Electrophysiological examination
  Various electrophysiological methods are used to examine the functionality of nerve structuresConduction studies Nerve conduction examination (NCS) measures electrical nerve impulses through electrodes placed on the skin.
  • Electromyography (EMG) - their electrical activity is evaluated by means of electrodes placed in different muscles.
  • Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP) - monitors the integrity of the pyramid path (path for limb mobility) using magnetic stimulation in the head area with sensing of activity in the limb muscles. In case of its damage, it is then possible to determine where the damage occurred.
  • Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) - We monitor the integrity of the somatosensory pathway (the pathway leading to the limbs) by stimulating the limb area by sensing activity in the head area.

How is degenerative spinal disease treated?

Depending on the severity of the problem and its duration, different procedures apply. A number of specialists take part in the treatment, especially general practitioners, neurologists, physiotherapists, interventional radiologists and spinal surgeons.

• Conservative treatment:
  • regime measures with avoidance of activities that cause pain, weight loss
  • painkillers, inflammation (paracetamol, ibuprofen, diclofenac, ...), muscle relaxants (muscle relaxants), drugs affecting neuropathic pain (pregabalin, gabapentin) or antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants)
  • physical therapy and physiotherapy - rehabilitation
  • corticoids, opioids and infusion therapies
• Semi-invasive therapy:
  • CT guided periradicular therapy (CT PRT) is a procedure in which a needle is inserted under CT control to a painful nerve root with subsequent application of a local anesthetic and corticoid.
  • caudal block (KB) is a procedure in which a local anesthetic and a corticoid are applied to the spinal canal in the coccyx area with or without imaging control.
  • sacroiliac blockade (SIB) is a procedure in which a local anesthetic and corticoid are applied to or around the SI joint under or without imaging control.
  • CT-guided facet blockade is a procedure in which a needle is inserted under CT control to the affected posterior joint of the spine, if it is a source of pain.
• Surgical treatment
  Only a small proportion of patients with degenerative spinal disorders are eventually indicated for neurosurgery. E.g. in patients with a diagnosis of intervertebral disc herniation, it is about 10%. This is the case if, after 6 weeks to 3 months of adequate conservative treatment, the problem does not subside, a sudden severe weakening of muscle strength occurs, or symptoms of cauda develop (see above). Spine surgeries are considered a fully established and safe procedure. However, like any other operation, they carry the risk of complications, such as bleeding, infection, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, injuries to blood vessels, nerves or other structures in and around the spine.

Different types of spine surgeries include:

• Decompression operations:
  • Discectomy is the removal of the protruding part of the intervertebral disc in order to relax the spinal nerve. The most commonly used surgical approach is the back of the lumbar spine and the front of the cervical spine.
  • Laminectomy is the removal of the posterior vertebral arches. The dilation of the spinal canal then relaxes the nerve structures (spinal cord and nerve roots).
  • Foraminotomy is the targeted release of the spinal root at the point of its departure from the spinal canal. 

• Instrumented performances:
  • Fusion and internal fixation is a permanent connection of two or more vertebrae. This type of so-called stabilization operation is used to eliminate painful movements between the vertebrae, which arise due to degeneration or injury of the disc. Nervous structures are also relaxed during the procedure.Replacement of damaged intervertebral disc with artificial disc (arthroplasty) is a less frequently performed type of operation, suitable only for a small group of patients meeting strict indication criteria. The advantage of this method is the maintenance of momentum in the operated segment. 

During spine operations, we can choose different ways of surgical solution. Each approach has certain advantages and disadvantages, and if we choose this approach, we consider it the best for the patient. The long-term results are, regardless of approach, the same:

• Open access is a way to achieve excellent clarity of anatomical conditions at the cost of higher soft tissue trauma. This is a standard operating procedure. 

• Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS) is a set of practices designed to minimize disability surrounding healthy tissues by the surgical approach used. The very goal of surgical procedures, ie relieving the oppression of nerve structures or introducing instruments (cages, screws, rods) and performing backbone fusion, is the same as for open operations. However, patients after these operations tend to have less postoperative pain and faster healing of the surgical wound, and thus faster recovery and return to normal life activities. However, on the one hand, these approaches place greater demands on the surgeon's experience and also require special workplace equipment. High-quality X-ray amplifiers, perioperative CT or spinal navigation are used to precisely target the surgical procedure. Our department has been dealing with the development of minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS) techniques as one of the first in the Czech Republic since 2004. 

How does hospitalization take place by default? 

We indicate patients most often from our Neurosurgical Outpatient Clinic at the Motol University Hospital (node ​​“A”, 3rd floor), some patients are indicated from special multidisciplinary seminars or, by appointment, directly from the cooperating departments of other hospitals. For patients indicated for the planned operation, we require a complete internal preoperative examination, which is usually performed by a general practitioner with whom the patient is registered. We accept patients for hospitalization the day before the planned operation. On the day of admission, we will check the internal preoperative examination and a preoperative anesthesiology consultation will take place. The day after admission, we perform the planned operation under general anesthesia, most often in the patient's position on the abdomen in lumbar spine surgery and in the patient's position on the back in cervical spine surgery. On the first postoperative day, the patient is usually already mobilized from the bed and undergoes specific postoperative rehabilitation. After some types of surgery, it is necessary to wear a lumbar corset or neck collar (4-6 weeks). Depending on the scope of the operation and the clinical condition, the patient is subsequently released to home care on the 3rd - 5th postoperative day with a precise rehabilitation plan and after a basic exercise by a physiotherapist. After 4-6 weeks after the operation, an outpatient check-up will take place, if necessary with the addition of a follow-up imaging examination (X-ray) and a subsequent recommendation for rehabilitation in the slope under the guidance of a physiotherapist, or with a recommendation for a spa stay. In patients with a good postoperative clinical course, it is also possible to return quickly to normal life activities, including a return to the patient's work activities - this depends mainly on the profession performed.

What can be expected from the operation? 

Properly indicated and timely surgery for degenerative diseases of the spine leads to a significant remission of the original problems in the vast majority of patients. In particular, the relief from the pain in the limbs is significant, the back pain tends to be less affected. An important condition for a good result is the correct cooperation of the patient after the operation, it is necessary to adjust the lifestyle, lifestyle, exercise, according to the recommendations to undergo rehabilitation, avoid risky activities, extreme physical activity, etc. Surgery is not an absolute treatment in itself or at least reduce the causes that led to the problem. If the relevant recommendations are followed, the patient is highly likely to maintain good physical condition after spinal surgery, including normal exercise, sports, and continuing previous work activities.

Peripheral nerve surgery

Craniocerebral trauma

Craniostenosis

Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature closure of one or more cranial sutures leading to skull deformity. Craniosynotoses can occur as an isolated defect or as part of a specific syndrome. The diagnosis is usually made soon after birth. Clinical examination (typical head shape), cephalometry, or X-ray lbi, 3D CT and genetic examination play an important role in the diagnosis.

It is important to dynamically evaluate the shape of the head using cephalometry (craniometric examination). The so-called cephalic index (CI) is determined as a percentage of the ratio of the width and length of the skull. Untreated craniosynostosis leads to progressive deformities of the skull and thus to inhibition of brain growth with an increase in intracranial pressure, which may result in functional neurological or visual impairment. Early diagnosis and early surgical treatment is therefore essential for the further development of the child. In disabilities unrelated to other birth defects or syndromes the further psychomotor development of the child is not affected after the surgical solution.

The incidence of craniosynostosis is reported to be around 1 / 2000-1 / 3000 births. In the Czech Republic, 40-50 new cases are diagnosed annually. The indication for surgery is therefore not only for cosmetic reasons, but above all in terms of preventing brain damage.

The main types of craniosynostosis

Skafocephalalie is the most common type, the sagittal suture is closed prematurely. The scaphocephalic cerebellum is very narrow, very long, has a wide frontal area and a very narrow head.

Trigonocephaly is the second most common synostosis. The metopic seam is closed prematurely. There is a prominence of the central part of the frontal bone and a deformity of the orbits. Seen from above, the skull has the shape of a triangle, the eyes are close together.

Frontal plagiocephaly arises on the basis of a one-sided premature coronary suture closure. Flattening of one side of the forehead, deformation of the orbit and superciliary arc occur.

Brachycephaly occurs when bilateral coronary suture closes on both sides.
The head is very wide and very short due to the compensatory growth in width. Premature coronary suture synostosis is most often part of craniosynostosis syndromes (Crouzon's syndrome, Apert's syndrome, Muenke's syndrome and others).

Rarity occipital plagiocephaly arises on the basis of premature closure of the lambda seam on one side. It needs to be distinguished from postural (deformational, positional) plagiocephaly, which is not indicated for the operation and in indicated cases is solved with the help of modeling helmets.

Surgical treatment of craniosynostosis

The indication for surgical treatment is not only cosmetic but also functional. From a cosmetic point of view, the child's worse social adaptation in the future must be taken into account. Children with untreated craniosynostosis are often socially isolated and stigmatized. In adulthood, they suffer from poorer social adaptation and personality disorders. The aim of the operation is to increase the intracranial volume and optimize the shape of the head. There are a number of surgical techniques depending on the type of synostosis and the age of the child (suture discision, strip craniectomy during the affected seam, cranial remodeling, distraction methods, endoscopic techniques). In recent years, the number of endoscopic procedures with subsequent modeling of the head using a helmet has been increasing. The operations are to be performed in super-specialized workplaces focusing on pediatric neurosurgery. The operation is usually performed before the child's first year of age, optimally between 4-7 months for sagittal synostosis and between 6 months and 1 year for coronary, metopic and lambda synostosis. For minimally invasive endoscopic procedures, a solution up to 3 max. 5 months of age is recommended. But it always depends on the degree of deformity and other factors. Follow-up is performed on an outpatient basis at 3, 6 and 12 months after the operation, and once a year until the age of 7 for simple craniosynostoses, and for complex synostoses even longer. A necessary part of the inspections is a craniometric examination. Reoperations in simple craniosynostoses are rare, in complex ones in 20-30%. To achieve the optimal effect of remodeling surgery, early diagnosis of craniosynostosis and early examination at a specialized workplace that performs these surgeries is necessary. The first examination should take place preferably by 3 months of age, when considering endoscopic procedures as soon as possible (approximately 1 month of age). Early diagnosis and appropriate timing and execution of the operation will best enable favorable head growth, physiological psychomotor development of the child and optimal cosmetic effect.

Spinal dysraphisms

Treatment of spasticity

At our neurosurgical clinic, we mainly deal with the treatment of pediatric patients with spasticity caused by cerebral palsy (DMO).

Cerebral palsy (DMO) and spasticity.

Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of spasticity and disability in children. It is caused by brain damage that occurs before, during or just after birth. Infections during pregnancy, preterm and complicated labor, low birth weight (up to 2 kg) and maternal infections are the most frequently mentioned risk factors for DMO. Unfortunately, this disability is irreversible, lifelong. Therefore, the treatment is focused on the treatment of the consequences - spasticity.

What is spasticity? How does it manifest and diagnose?

Spasticity is characterized by an increase in muscle tension. It often occurs in combination with so-called spastic dystonia, which is manifested by unnatural rotated holding of the limbs at rest. Due to the remodeling of soft tissues and joint structures, the long-term unnatural position of various parts of the body leads to contractures and deformities, which makes this position permanent. Spasticity can also occur later, in older children and adults, most often in patients with multiple sclerosis, after a stroke, after an injury or with cancer. Spasticity leads to a significant functional impairment of the patient, causes pain, disrupts sleep and leads to deformities, which significantly negatively affects the quality of life of both patients and their caregivers. It is diagnosed by a clinical examination, and its cause by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which confirms structural damage to the brain or spinal cord.

How common is cerebral palsy and associated spasticity?

The incidence of DMO has been stable for a long time - 1 in 500 births, despite the remarkable progress in health care in neonatal intensive care units and in the care of premature newborns, which we can observe in recent decades. Different degrees of spasticity develop in up to 80% of patients with DMO. 

What are the treatment options for spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy?

Treatment of spasticity in children with DMO is complex and multidisciplinary (pediatrician, neurologist, neurosurgeon, orthopedist, rehabilitation physician, physiotherapist, prosthetist) and should be started as soon as possible.

The individual modalities for the treatment of spasticity in DMO are:

• Rehabilitation under professional guidance (physiotherapy, physical therapy, spa care) - exercise is the basis for influencing spasticity and preventing deformities and must be permanent, daily.
• Medication - e.g. diazepam, baclofen, clonazepam, dantrolene - systemically (whole body) reducing muscle tension. Their limitations are the side effects that occur at higher doses, which are sometimes necessary to affect spasticity.
• Topical application of botulinum toxin - Injections of botox into the muscles lead to their local relaxation. Recently, this method is widely used, it has no major side effects, but the effect is only temporary (3-4 months).
• Neurosurgical procedures:
  • Baclofen pump implantation - this method ensures continuous administration of baclofen directly into the spinal canal, where it acts on the spinal cord, thereby reducing muscle tension. The pump is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue to the left of the navel approximately 5 cm below the last left rib. The tubule from the baclofen pump runs in the subcutaneous tissue over the side to the back and plunges into the spinal canal. The pump contains a battery that must be replaced approximately every 5-7 years. Furthermore, the pump is equipped with a reservoir, which is filled with the active substance through the skin with a syringe during an outpatient examination. Because the drug is administered close to the spinal cord, high dosing is not required and side effects do not occur as with baclofen tablets. The disadvantages of this method are the permanent dependence on the device, the risk of infection and overdose. We indicate the baclofen pump only in the case of a positive answer to the baclofen test and after the approval of the financing by the health insurance company. Pump implantation is possible from 3 years of age.
  • Selective dorsal risotomy (SDR) is the surgical severation of the part of the nerve fibers that lead to the spinal cord and cause spasticity. This is a surgical method that is suitable only for some patients with DMO in whom lower limb disorders predominate. At present, we no longer perform SDR at our workplace.
• Prosthetic care - splinting, castings and orthoses are designed to keep the body in a certain position in patients with spastic DMO. They lead to the prevention or correction of deformities in the spastic limb and help patients to overcome certain limitations - e.g. difficulty standing and walking.
• Orthopedic procedures - they do not solve spasticity, but they have a significant effect on solving its consequences - deformities that arise as a result of shortening muscles and tendons as well as joint and bone deformities. Orthopedic procedures significantly improve the range of motion of the joints and facilitate the movement of the limbs.

History of the clinic

The history of the Motol pediatric neurosurgery department dates back to

to 1978, when it became its primary prof. MUDr. Vladimir Benes I, Dr. Sc.. Until then, Nestor of the Czech Pediatric Neurosurgery had been performing superconsulting activities in this area even during his work at the original workplace - the ÚVN Neurosurgical Clinic in Střešovice. After the establishment of the department, there is a concentration of pediatric neurosurgical patients and a rapid development of neurosurgical treatment of children in its entire spectrum, especially in the field of surgical treatment of congenital malformations and cancer of the nervous system, neurotraumatology and hydrocephalus. Under his leadership, the workplace introduces a number of progressive and at that time unique procedures:

• In the field of developmental defects
  • Method of active remodeling of craniosynostoses
  • Surgical treatment of complex craniofacial defects
• Surgery of midline and deep tumors
  • Tumors of the pineal landscape, basal ganglia and trunk
  • Using progressive surgical approaches (eg transscalous approach)
• Hemisferectomy for epilepsy

The social culmination of this stage of the workplace and the appreciation of its activities was the organization of the World Congress of Pediatric Neurosurgery ISPN 1991 (International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery) in Prague.

In July 1990, he became the head of the Neurosurgical Department of the Motol University Hospital MD Michal Tichý. In 2006, with the merger of the Neurosurgical Department of Adults, a joint neurosurgical department was created, and on 1.7.2012 July 2, the Department of Neurosurgery for Children and Adults of the XNUMXnd Medical Faculty of Charles University and the Motol University Hospital was established. The department continues to further develop in already established areas in the entire age range of patients (treatment of birth defects, oncoonosurgery, neurotraumatology, treatment of hydrocephalus) and introduces new programs:

• Surgical treatment of spasticity of patients with cerebral palsy
• Minimally invasive procedures in degenerative spinal disorders
• Epileptosurgery

In September 2016, the workplace organizes a meeting of the world's leading epileptosurgeons ESTM 2016 (Epilepsy Surgery Techniques Meeting) held in connection with the 12th European Congress on Epileptology (ECE) organized under the auspices of the ILAE - International League Against Epilepsy.

1.10.2020 with the head of the Department of Neurosurgery for Children and Adults of the 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital doc. MUDr. Vladimir Benes III, Ph.D.       

How to get here

Research

Employees of the Department of Neurosurgery for Children and Adults, Motol University Hospital and the 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University in Prague are actively involved in research in neuroscience and neurosurgical diseases and in the development of new treatment methods. and spinal cord. In cooperation with the Institute of Pathological Physiology, the Department of Neurosurgery has built a laboratory for experimental modeling and treatment of head injuries and an approved patent - a utility model of a new experimental device.

The most important research programs

International randomized, double-blind, controlled study evaluating rindopepime / GM-CSF adjuvanted temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma after surgical resection (ACT IV Study)

International randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of steam-heated and solvent / detergent-treated fibrin tissue adhesive (FS VH S / D 500 s-apr) compared to DuraSeal as an adjunct to closure in dural suture

Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure in craniotraumas by caffeine blockade of adenosine receptors - experimental study IGA NR 9514

Contribution of transcranial Doppler sonography for the diagnosis of functional changes after neurosurgical remodeling in craniosynostoses IGA NR 8264

Prevention of motor deficits after epileptosurgery in children NV15-30456A

Evaluation of suprasegmental effects of selective posterior risotomy NR8318

Neuropathological analysis of brain tissue of epileptic patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: correlation with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy NF7411

Use of neuroendoscopy and laparoscopy in short-circuit operations for hydrocephalus ND7678

Posterior rhizotomy in the treatment of spastic form of cerebral palsy ND6305

Changes in the spectrum of amino acids in biological fluids and tissues in children with cancer IZ4349

Replacement of calf bone defects using autologous grafts and the "SPLIT SKULL" method - divided bone lobe IZ2909

Fetal brain tissue implantation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, experimental methods and clinical application of IZ1176

The most important publications

The clinical utility of intraoperative electrocorticography in pediatric epilepsy surgical strategy and planning. Lesko R, Benova B, Jezdik P, Liby P, Jahodova A, Kudr M, Tichy M, Zamecnik J, Krsek P. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2020 Jul 31: 1-10. doi: 10.3171 / 2020.4.PEDS20198

Structural volumetry in NPH diagnostics and treatment-future or dead end? Vlasak A, Skalicky P, Mladek A, Vrana J, Benes V, Bradac O. Neurosurg Rev. 2020 Jan 24. doi: 10.1007 / s10143-020-01245-y

Evolution of pediatric epilepsy surgery program over 2000-2017: Improvement of care? Belohlavkova A, Jezdik P, Jahodova A, Kudr M, Benova B, Maulisova A, Liby P, Vaculik M, Lesko R, Kyncl M, Zamecnik J, Tichy M, Komarek V, Krsek P. Eur J Neurol Pediatrician. 2019 May; 23 (3): 456-465. doi: 10.1016 / j.ejpn.2019.04.002.

Cognitive performance in distinct groups of children undergoing epilepsy surgery-a single-center experience. Benova B, Belohlavkova A, Jezdik P, Jahodova A, Kudr M, Komarek V, Novak V, Liby P, Lesko R, Tichý M, Kyncl M, Zamecnik J, Krsek P, Maulisova A. PeerJ. 2019 Oct 8; 7: e7790. doi: 10.7717 / peerj.7790

Sagittal craniosynostosis associated with midline cephalhematoma or vice versa, case report and a review of the literature. Liby P, Lomachinsky V, Felici G, Vaculik M, Krasnicanova H, Tichy M. Childs Nerv Syst. 2019 Apr; 35 (4): 729-732. doi: 10.1007 / s00381-018-4020

Generalized quasiperiodic epileptiform activity in sleep is associated with cognitive impairment in children with drug-resistant focal lesional epilepsy. Novak V, Maulisova A, Jezdik P, Benova B, Belohlavkova A, Liby P, Tichy M, Krsek P. Epilepsy. 2019 Nov; 60 (11): 2263-2276. doi: 10.1111 / epi.1636

Differential patterns of metastatic dissemination across medulloblastoma subgroups. Zapotocky M, Mata-Mbemba D, Sumerauer D, Liby P, Lassaletta A, Zamecnik J, Krskova L, Kyncl M, Stary J, Laughlin S, Arnoldo A, Hawkins C, Tabori U, Taylor MD, Bouffet E, Raybaud C, Ramaswamy V. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018 Feb; 21 (2): 145-152. doi: 10.3171 / 2017.8.PEDS17264

Injectable hydroxyphenyl derivative of hyaluronic acid hydrogel modified with RGD as scaffold for spinal cord injury repair. Zaviskova K, Tukmachev D, Dubisova J, Vackova I, Hejcl A, Bystronova J, Pravda M, Scigalkova I, Sulakova R, Velebny V, Wolfova L, Kubinova S. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2018 Apr; 106 (4): 1129-1140. doi: 10.1002 / jbm.a.36311

DTI-MRI biomarkers in the search for normal pressure hydrocephalus aetiology: a review. Hoza D, Vlasák A, Hořínek D, Sameš M, Alfieri A. Neurosurg Rev. 2015 Apr; 38 (2): 239-44; discussion 244. doi: 10.1007 / s10143-014-0584-0.

An effective strategy of magnetic stem cell delivery for spinal cord injury therapy. Tukmachev D, Lunov O, Zablotskii V, Dejneka A, Babic M, Sykova E, Kubinova S. Nanoscale. 2015 Mar 7; 7 (9): 3954-8

Bobble-head doll syndrome: therapeutic outcome and long-term follow-up in four children. Guerreiro H, Vlasak A, Horinek D, Tichy M, Lisy J, Vanek P, Liby P, Hoza D, Beneš V, Nimsky C. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012 Nov; 154 (11): 2043-9. doi: 10.1007 / s00701-012-1458-2.

Peripheral nerve stimulation in intractable neuropathic pain. Kozak J, Kobesova A, Vrba I, Steindler J, Kolar P. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2011; 32 (3): 226-33

Asymmetric dynamic cerebral autoregulatory response to cyclic stimuli. Aaslid R, Blaha M, Sviri G, Douville CM, Newell DW. Stroke. 2007 May; 38 (5): 1465-9. doi: 10.1161 / STROKEAHA.106.473462

Implanted vagus nerve stimulation in 126 patients: surgical technique and complications. Bláha M, Tichý M. Rozhl Chir. 2020 Summer; 99 (7): 304-310

The effect of caffeine on dilated cerebral circulation and on diagnostic CO2 reactivity testing. Blaha M, Benes V, Douville CM, Newell DW. J Clin Neurosci. 2007 May; 14 (5): 464-7

Hemorrhagic complications of intracranial pressure monitors in children. Blaha M, Lazar D, Winn RH, Ghatan S. Pediatrician Neurosurg. 2003 Jul; 39 (1): 27-31. doi: 10.1159 / 000070877

Cerebral blood flow and dynamic cerebral autoregulation during ethanol intoxication and hypercapnia. Blaha M, Aaslid R, Douville CM, Correra R, Newell DW. J Clin Neurosci. 2003 Mar; 10 (2): 195-8. doi: 10.1016 / s0967-5868 (02) 00126-1

Teaching

The Department of Neurosurgery teaches medics of the 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University in the 6th year in a three-day block. Teaching for foreign students takes place in English. Students will get acquainted with the full range of the field of Neurosurgery, including practical skills and opportunities to participate in surgical procedures. The teacher from the Department of Neurosurgery is also part of the examination commission at the final state examination in surgery.

As part of postgraduate teaching at the Department of Neurosurgery, pre-certification clinical internships for physicians in the field of surgery, neurology, rehabilitation and psychiatry take place. The clinic also organizes and enables internships for beginning neurosurgeons in some neurosurgical subspecializations.

The Department of Neurosurgery for Children and Adults, Motol University Hospital and the 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University in Prague is involved in the Ph.D. - Doctoral degree programs. These offer the highest formal education that can be achieved in the Czech Republic. There are four supervisors who prepare their students for the state doctoral examination and the defense of their dissertation in the field of Neuroscience and Experimental Surgery according to an individual study plan.

Trainers

• Doc. MUDr. Vladimir Benes, Ph.D. - Field of Neuroscience
• prof. MD RNDr. Ondřej Bradáč, Ph.D. - Department of Neuroscience
• Doc. MUDr. Petr Libý, Ph.D. - Field of study Experimental Surgery
• Doc. MUDr. Michal Tichý, CSc. - Field of study Experimental Surgery

Contact